Essay The Catholic Church and Its Views on Homosexuality

On November 14th, 2009, Canada’s first openly gay Catholic priest, Father Karl Clemens, married his long time partner in Toronto, Ontario. Clemens, who is close to seventy, retired from the Kingston, Ontario diocese after 33 years of service and moved to Toronto to advocate for the city’s gay village. Clemens stated that he was as prepared to handle the inevitable backlash from the Church and some of its followers as he was when he declared his sexual orientation in 2005, and strongly believes that homosexuals deserve to exercise their right to enter into same-sex marriage. (Weese) It is currently estimated that 1 to 3% of the population engage in homosexual acts, however, it was previously suggested that at least 10% of the population was†¦show more content†¦Compare this to the Old Testament texts that are concerned exclusively with the sexual conduct of men. St. Paul categorizes as we do, in terms of the sameness or difference of sex of the sexual partners. Even if he does not have the words, he thinks in terms of heterosexuality and homosexuality- clearly condemning the latter. (Moore, 86-87) In 1 Corinthians 6: 9-10, St. Paul presents a list of those who will not enter the Kingdom of God, Do you not know that the unjust will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor malakoi, nor arsenokoitai, nor thieves, nor the greedy, nor drunkards, nor slanderers, nor robbers will inherit the kingdom of God. The term malakoi simply means ‘soft’, however when applying it to people St. Paul uses the term to describe ‘soft men’ implying effeminate women or homosexuals. The term arsenokoitai was coined by St. Paul and pertains to those who perform the activity or activities he understands to be banned- sexual activity between males. (Moore, 106-109) Finally, in 1 Timothy. 1:10, St. Paul gives another list, this time of people against whom the law is intended. It is laid down, â€Å"not for the just, but for the lawless and disobedient, the impious and sinners, for the irreligious and godless, for parricides and matricides, for murderers, fornicators, arsenokoitai, slave traders, liars, perjurers, what whatever else is contraryShow MoreRelatedEssay about Religion and Gay Rights1124 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of time there has been homosexuality and that has always led to a debate of opinions. But in the last 20 years this topic has jumped to the top of the religious/political controversy list. This topic is important to all Americans because so many different groups have a stakeholder position in this issue. Adoption agencies, health services, insurance companies and the wedding industry just to name a few. 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The Biology Of Our Eyes - 937 Words

Sight a precious gift we cant take or granted, our eyes are the windows to the wonders of the woerld all we know and love experidne and discover, ponder and cherish. Lets peer into the workings of the eye. A uniae and self sustailning system. the reflecte light of the world. Light enters ino the crystal teansperency of the cornea, aqueous humor,lens, and vitreous humor, to projecr onto the photo re cemptors of the retina whos impoulses converge on the optic nerve, and then to the brain wto be transfigured into imagery and imbedded with meaning. continual adjustments to the puopil and lense regulate the entry and focusing of light in todays world the eyes surface is constantly challenged to protect itself and adjust to changing conditions. Ebeey blink helps our eyes antural devence system. The tear film, retains moister and retains visual acuity, tears contain natural disinfectants to kepe bacteria at bay alnd the tear system washes away impurities to maintain eye helth. The biology of our eyes inspires us to develop ways we can protect and maintain comfort for these remarkable structurews. For all the wonders our eyes provide throughout our lives we owe them our attentiona and ongoing care. But to simply speak about the fuctions and structures of the eye would not be providing it with the admiration and respect it deserves. The evolution of the eye is the true marvel biology, once considered so complex that Charles Darwin argued that the idea of them having evolved seemedShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Study Of Inheritable Traits In Fruit Flies1554 Words   |  7 PagesThe Drosophila melanogaster, more commonly known as the fruit fly, is a popular species used in genetic experiments. In fact, Thomas Hunt Morgan began using Drosophila in the early 1900’s to study genes and their relation to certain chromosomes(Biology 263). Scientists have located over 500 genes on the four chromosomes in the fly. There are many advantages in using Drosophila for these types of studies. Drosophila melanogaster can lay hundreds of eggs after just one mating, and have a generationRead MoreA Study of Inheritable Traits in Fruit Flies1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe Drosophila melanogaster, more commonly known as the fruit fly, is a popular species used in genetic experiments. In fact, Thomas Hunt Morgan began using Drosophila in the early 1900s to study genes and their relation to certain chromosomes(Biology 263). Scientists have located over 500 genes on the four chromosomes in the fly. There are many advantages in using Drosophila for these types of studies. Drosophila melanogaster can lay hundreds of eggs after just one mating, and have a generationRead MoreShort Story862 Words   |  4 Pagesat the same time. â€Å"Well, at least my dad does. He works for the Marine Biology Center, and he can take us down in a submarine!† Willow told us excitedly. â€Å"Great! 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Nitric Oxide Therapy in infants with pulmonary hypertension Free Essays

The benefits of nitrogen oxide (NO) therapy as used in the treatment of infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) can be best appreciated if the reader is familiar with the pathophysiology of PPHN and the previous methods used in treating the disease. The function of NO has evolved in the minds of the scientific community from being a mere noxious gas emitted by vehicles to a wonder compound in the field of medicine. In the area of pulmonology, its vasodilatory effect in the blood vessels is now being used to assist PPHN patients in rerouting blood flow in infants whose blood circulation fails to shift from fetal to normal circulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Nitric Oxide Therapy in infants with pulmonary hypertension or any similar topic only for you Order Now Such nature of the compound, being the main ingredient in NO therapy allows for a less invasive procedure which in effect reduces risks of complications during and after treatments, expected in previous treatment methods. This reduced risks account for the relatively more cost-effective character of NO therapy as a treatment method in PPHN patients. There is not much use for the lungs during the fetal life. At such stage, the function of the lungs is carried out by the placenta through the umbilical cord. Fetal life is characterized by a high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with pulmonary blood flow being restricted to a less than 10% lung-directed cardiac output. Blood vessels that connect the heart and the lungs are constricted, sending the circulating blood back to the heart through the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that functions only in fetuses. In other words, the lungs in the fetal stage are bypassed. At birth, when the lungs finally assume the function of gas exchange, the PVR decreases, allowing for an increase in pulmonary blood flow. The blood vessel that is previously constricted, favoring blood flow to the ductus arteriosus is now relaxed, simultaneously with the permanent closure of the ductus arteriosus. This happens as the lungs become ventilated and the alveolar oxygen tension is increased. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertansion occurs when at birth, the lung circulation fails to achieve the normal drop in PVR, preventing the transition from fetal to newborn circulation. This failure results in the continuous functioning of the ductus arteriosus which impairs the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and limits the amount of oxygen that can be picked up by the blood to be delivered to the different parts of the body. The blood that flows back to the heart remains in an unoxygenated state which could lead to the development of refractory hypoxemia, respiratory distress and acidosis. It is only in 1987 when nitric oxide (NO) was recognized as a key endothelial-derived vasodilator molecule. From then, research has been expanded to establish the role of NO throughout the body, and to discover its therapeutic potential.   To appreciate the effects of NO in alleviating pulmonary hypertension, it is important to gain understanding of its chemistry and mechanism of action. Nitric Oxide is a gaseous compound that rapidly diffuses across membranes and has a single unpaired electron. This explains its high reactivity, especially to Hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood. This nature of the compound accounts for its noted biological significance. It has been discovered to function as stimulant in the release of hormones; as neurotransmitter; a significant participant in the magnification of synaptic actions and learning processes; and an inhibitor in platelet aggregation, which makes it a marvel in the field of cardiology. In the field of pulmonology, nitric oxide is valued for its vasodilatory effect in the blood vessels. This effect can be explained by the mechanism involving the compound’s diffusion from the vascular endothelial cells to the subjacent smooth muscles of the pulmonary vessels. From here, NO activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase to change conformation to promote smooth muscle relaxation by converting GTP to cGMP.   This vasodilatory effect signals the mechanism to modulate blood flow and vascular tone. Given the mechanism of action, it is easy to surmise how NO can be utilized as a therapeutic agent in the management of blood-vessel-related diseases such as those related to the heart (hypertension), the reproductive system(erectile dysfunction) and in this case, the lungs (Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in infants (PPHN)). Before NO, treatments used in infant PPHN are hyperventilation, continuous infusion of alkali, tube vasodilation and vasodilator drugs. A study on the effects of these various treatments was done by Ellington, Jr., et. al., (2001) showing no specific therapy clearly associated with the reduction in mortality in infants. In determining whether therapies were equivalent, the study showed that hyperventilation reduced the risk of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with no oxygen increase at 28 days, while alkali infusion increased the use of ECMO as well as an increase in the use of oxygen at 28 days (Ellington, Jr., et. al., 2001). ECMO is a highly invasive procedure that requires major surgery, performed in serious cases of PPHN when patients fail to respond to treatments. It is only after post-lab studies were able to identify the role of NO-cGMP signaling in the regulation of lung circulation that NO therapy was developed for PPHN (Channick, R., et. al., 1994). Like previous treatment methods, NO therapy improves oxygenation as well as reduces the risk of ECMO in infants with PPHN (Oliveira, et. al., 2000). But because nitric oxide is capable of acting on its own upon inhalation to relax the blood vessels and improve circulation, it is considered as a less invasive procedure in the management of infants with PPHN compared to the previous treatments mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. The efficiency of the treatment procedure can be determined by observing its effect on the patient’s ventilation and blood flow, which is a determinant of the efficiency of transpulmonary oxygenation and partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). NO therapy enhances the mechanism by which blood flow is redistributed toward regions in the lungs with better ventilation and higher intra-alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). Other treatments used in the management of PPHN such as tube ventilation, alkalosis and intravenous vasodilators were shown to be effective in ameliorating pulmonary hypertension in some infants, but in many instances, it does not, as ECMO almost always becomes a necessity in saving the life of the infants (Ichinose, et. al., 2004). A type of hyperventilation has been proven not to increase the risk of ECMO, but unlike NO-therapy (Ellington, Jr., et. al., 2001), it is invasive as to require a tube inserted inside the infant’s trachea. In patients with moderate PPHN, there is an improvement in arterial p a O 2, reduced necessity of ventilator support and low risk of progression to severe PPHN (Sadiq, et. al., 2003) and this, without the risk of increasing the incidence of adverse outcomes when the age of 1 year is reached (Clark, et. al. 2003). Inhaled NO is able to rapidly increase the arterial oxygen tension and increase the blood flow in the lungs without causing systemic hypotension (Roberts, 1992; Kinsella, 1992). No apparent increase in morbidity has been shown after one year of treatment with NO (Aparna and Hoskote, 2008). For high-risk infants with PPHN, inhaled NO has been found to lessen the risk of pulmonary hypertensive crisis (PHTC) after congenital heart surgery (Miller, et. al. 2000). Studies on the role of NO in the management of PPHM show that while it is therapeutic, it also prevents the occurrence of chronic lung disease which affects morbidity. Vascular cell proliferation and pulmonary vascular disease have been shown to decrease with NO in the newborn (Roberts, et. al., 1995). In addition, while NO treatment can be more costly, it is the most cost-effective among other methods because of the reduced need for ECMO (Angus, et. al. 2003). For these reasons, it is understandable why NO therapy seems to have taken over in the area of PPHN treatment. References Angus DC, Clermont G, Watson RS, et al. (2003). Cost-effectiveness of inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of neonatal respiratory failure in the United States. Pediatrics. 112, 1351–1360. Aparna U., Hoskote, MD., et. al. (2008). Airway function in infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide for persistent pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Pulmonol. 43, 224-235. Channick R, Hoch R, Newhart J, et al. (1994). Improvement in pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia during nitric oxide inhalation in a patient with end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149, 811-814 Clark, RH., Huckaby, JL., et. al. (2003). Low-Dose Nitric Oxide Therapy for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension: 1-Year Follow-up. Journal of Perinatology. 23, 300.   Ellington Jr, Marty, O’Reilly, et. al. (2001). Child Health Status, Neurodevelopmental Outcome, and Parental Satisfaction in a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Nitric Oxide for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn. Pediatrics,107. Ichinose F, Roberts JD, et.al. (2004). A Selective Pulmonary Vasodilator: Current Uses and Therapeutic Potential. Circulation. 109, 3106-3111. Kinsella JP, Neish SR, Shaffer E, et al. (1992). Low-dose inhalation nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet.   340, 819–820. Miller O, Tang SW, et. al. (2000) Inhaled nitric oxide and prevention of pulmonary hypertension after congenital heart surgery: A randomised double-blind study. The Lancet. 356: 9240, 1464. Oliveira cac, et. al. (2000). Inhaled Nitric oxide in the management of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a meta-analysis. Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. S., 55 (4): 145-154, 2000 Roberts JD Jr, Polaner DM, Lang P, et al. (1992). Inhaled nitric oxide in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Lancet. 340, 818–819. Roberts JD Jr, Roberts CT, Jones RC, et al. (1995). Continuous nitric oxide inhalation reduces pulmonary arterial structural changes, right ventricular hypertrophy, and growth retardation in the hypoxic newborn rat. Circ Res. 76, 215-222.   Sadiq HF, Mantych G, et. al. (2003). Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of Moderate Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn: A Randomized Controlled, Multicenter Trial. Journal of Perinatology.   23, (2).98 How to cite Nitric Oxide Therapy in infants with pulmonary hypertension, Essay examples

Foundations of Management for Analysis - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theFoundations of Management for Critical Analysis. Answer: Introduction Organisational management is not an individual aspect but can be recognized as a set of practices which aims to manage the business and the organization in an effective manner. In the previous decades, there was a single meaning of management which applies of all sorts of the organisation (Omotayo, 2015). This kind of views and opinions was supported by several threats. But with the changing time and diverse needs of the organization and the employees, the researchers have developed diverse ways of managing people in an organisation. In several literatures, there has been a vast discussion on the statement that, There is only one best way to manage. Some of the researchers support the statement with some theoretical concepts and on the other hand the modern and contemporary theorists oppose this with newly developed frameworks and theories of management. The essay will present the favors as well as arguments in respect with the statement by the means of various theoretical approaches and critical analysis and literature (Choi, Poon and Davis, 2008). There is only one Best way to Manage According to the administrative management theory and the theorists Henry Fayol, Luther Gulick and James Mooney, there is a set and rational way for designing the organisation as a whole. As per these theorist and their respective management theories, there is a formalized structure in which the organizations are administered (Noe, et al., 2006). There is a clear and set delegation of authorities, power and division of labor and all the responsibilities of the individuals are predetermined. This shows that earlier, all the managers were used to take a similar approach in managing the organisation without diversifying the strategies and policies as per the diverse needs of the businesses, organisations and the employees (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). Another theory which supported the concept that, all the organizations are managed by a single way is the theory of bureaucracy by Weber. As per this theory, for managing the organisation, there is a need of bureaucratic rule or management (Jones, 2010). The bureaucracy is the form of organizational structure where all the things are characterized by clear hierarchies, thorough division of responsibilities and labor, standardized requirements, procedures, processes and number of rules. As per the bureaucratic theory, all the organizations are required to follow a similar approach in managing the workforce and the activities. Weber explained that there is an essential need of such structure as the approach of bureaucratic structure is highly crucial in large organisation for managing the operations and the employees (Cole, 2004). The next theory is the scientific theory in management that has its support in the statement by its various aspects. The scientific theory also well known as Taylorism, because of the fact that it was developed by Frederick Taylor offers improved understanding of the industrial and organisational management (Suddaby, Hardy and Huy, 2011). Fredrick Taylor believed that in all the organisations there are few common elements that includes mass production, standardized products and efficiency. It is essential for the organisations to have standardized products as well as there must a permanent efficiency level in the output and the functions. Thus, the scientific management theory believes that for achieving such standardization, there is only a single way of managing things (Waring, 2016). If the organisations are managed in a different way, then there will be diverse level of efficiency as well as no standardization will be maintained, thus, as per eth views of the theorists and the theoretical concepts, there is only a one way of managing the organisation. The next theory that offers its supports to the aspect of managing organizations in a single way is the legitimacy theory. As per this theory, the actions and the practices of the organisations are bounded by some specific rules, laws and regulations (Jokipii, 2010). It is a general perception that the activities of an organization are appropriate and go with some socially developed beliefs, values and norms. This depicts and argues that, all the organizations are managed and regulated in one singly way. There is no need of diversification or specifications in the activities and because of this concept, there is a single approach which is followed in all the organisations for managing functions (Mikes and Kaplan, 2 013). Opposing to the concepts of one way manage, there are theories and theorists in the modern world who have focused on the increasing diversity issues in the organizations. In present time, there are diverse organisational culture which demands for specific rules, regulations and managing approaches for having an effective organisational management. In the 21st century, the maximum focus is laid on the management of the organisation and the workforce as they are the critical success factors for any organisation. Because of globalization and increased industrialization, there are enormous number of entities which have developed their specific and individual managerial practices for attaining higher employee satisfaction and effective organisational management (Smith and Lewis, 2011). In todays organizations, there is formation of a team and then the tasks are accomplished. For the faster and rapid achievement of the organizational goals and objectives, there is a vital role of the teams in the organisational culture. As per the contingency theory, it is explained that in the organizational world there is no single or best way of managing an organization, for leading a corporation or for making the decisions. This theory explains that the decisions and strategies are based upon the internal and external situations of an organisation. There is application of a specific and appropriate style of leadership by the contingent leader depending upon the situation and the circumstances. The business environment of every organization is different from each other (Jones, 2010). There are several external and internal factors which affects the business environment of the organisations. Thus, it is not feasible to manage all the organisations with one single way. The arrangement or the structure is another important aspect of the organizations which impacts the way it is managed. There are diverse factors in the organisations such as the scale at which it operations, number of workforce, operations, types of functions, domestic or globalised etc. All these factors are helpful in determining the organizational structure or the arrangement (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). And depending upon the organizational structure, there are designed and implemented management practices and strategies. As the organizational structure cannot be same for all the organisations, in a similar way, there management approaches and practices cannot be similar. The one if the most vital factor which demonstrates that there are diverse ways of managing g the organization is the employees. Due to increased level of globalization, there is enhanced cultural diversity among the organisational workforce. Because of increased diversity, the employees are from various groups and cultures, which require additional efforts by the organizations for managing them in an effective manner (Noe, et al., 2006). Depending upon the types of employees, the organisations plan their strategies and the management practices so that the diversity issues do not arise and there is effective and increased organisational productivity. If all the different types of employees are managed by a single way just like other organisations then it will not be able to satisfy the needs of the employees. This will result in employee dissatisfaction which ultimately results in decreased level of efficiency and productivity of the employees. Therefore, in the highly diversified or ganizations it is essential that appropriate ways of organisational management must be there (Danese, 2011). In present times, there is vital and significant importance of flexibility paradigms. Earlier there were used to implement rigid organisational structures for managing the organisations, but with high emphasis upon the workforce, there requires flexibility to be offered to the employees for their motivation and satisfaction. As per the flexibility paradigm, the employees are offered with high flexibility in the organisations. There are no strict rules or policies which bind them as well as them also have an opportunity to manage themselves and evaluate their performance on their own. Therefore, such approaches and flexibility are essential for the organisation for long term sustainability, employee engagements and effective management (Dalkir and Liebowitz, 2011). Conclusion With the changing needs of the markets and the environment, there are also numerous changes taking place in the organisations. There are several organizations which resist growth and development because of the paradox management practices. The old and traditional concept that, there is only one best way to manage is now replacing with the concept of right way to manage. From this essay it can b e concluded that, there are various theorists who have supported the concept of one best way in the past decades but with increased globalization and development, the organisation are switching to the contingency theory and are having modifications in their management practices and strategies as per the situations and the impact of the internal and external environments. Therefore, for having continuous growth, increased employee motivation and high organisational efficiency, it is necessary that the organisations must have the use of most appropriate way of management rather than sticking wit h the old and traditional ways. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Choi, B., Poon, S.K. and Davis, J.G., 2008. Effects of knowledge management strategy on organizational performance: A complementarity theory-based approach.Omega,36(2), pp.235-251. Cole, G.A., 2004.Management theory and practice. Cengage Learning EMEA. Dalkir, K. and Liebowitz, J., 2011.Knowledge management in theory and practice. MIT press. Danese, P., 2011. Towards a contingency theory of collaborative planning initiatives in supply networks.International Journal of Production Research,49(4), pp.1081-1103. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Jokipii, A., 2010. Determinants and consequences of internal control in firms: a contingency theory based analysis.Journal of Management Governance,14(2), pp.115-144. Jones, G.R., 2010. Organizational theory, design, and change. Mikes, A. and Kaplan, R.S., 2013. Towards a contingency theory of enterprise risk management. Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B. and Wright, P.M., 2006. Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Omotayo, F.O., 2015. Knowledge Management as an important tool in Organisational Management: A Review of Literature.Library Philosophy and Practice, p.1. Smith, W.K. and Lewis, M.W., 2011. Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing.Academy of Management Review,36(2), pp.381-403. Suddaby, R., Hardy, C. and Huy, Q.N., 2011. Introduction to special topic forum: where are the new theories of organization?. Waring, S.P., 2016.Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC Press Books.